In recent years, geosynthetics have been increasingly used to reinforce soil mass on pipes under static and repetitive loads. Soilbags are also effective for managing floods and various geotechnical applications, such as roadbeds, slope stability, and retaining walls. In this paper, the investigation of the buried pipe’s behavior in the unreinforced trench and reinforced trench with soil bag is considered. Therefore, a series of tests were conducted on the unreinforced and reinforced trench (reinforced by one soil bag, two soil bags in columnar arrangement with and without spacing, and three soil bags in two layers of stepped arrangement) containing a pipe with a diameter of 160 mm under static load. The results of the tests show the effect of the soil bag layer on reducing the bed settlement by enclosing the soil inside and preventing the lateral movement of the soil mass above the pipe. Also, the bag, by distributing the stress on a wider surface and significantly reducing it in depth, reduces the transfer stress to the pipe crown and as a result, reduces the deformation of the pipe. Increasing the buried depth of the soil bag results in a reduction in deformation and pressure on the pipe crown and an increase in soil surface settlement. The columnar arrangement of two layers of soil bags with spacing provides better performance in improving pipe behavior compared to those without spacing. Moreover, the use of two layers of soil bag with a stepped arrangement leads to a reduction in surface settlement, pressure on the pipe, and pipe deformation compared to two layers of soil bag with a column arrangement. However, considering the lack of significant difference between the behavior of the stepped and column arrangements (with or without spacing), the use of a column system is recommended, as it saves 33% of the soil bag.

Application of sunscreens is one of the most important ways for skin protection against sunburn, early skin aging and skin cancer.Due to variety of sunscreen products, it is necessary to assure their protection ability against the suns damages. Performance assessment of sunscreens against UVB expressed by sun protection factor. Due to great cost of determination methods of this factor in foreign countries, developing a comprehensive protocol for in vivo SPF determination in Iran would have distinct benefits.In this study four international standards have been reviewed and compared for Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determination including ISO24444, FDA2011, AS/NZS 2604: 2012 and CEN 2006. The general process of in vivo SPF determination is similar in these protocols but there are some obvious differences in details that leading to advantages and disadvantages for each of them.In this study a complete document were collected, then regarding to available facilities and with cooperation of Iran food and drug organization a comprehensive in vivo SPF determination protocol will be developed.

This paper has surveyed farmers’ attitudes toward soil conservation protection policies through three important protection components financing, green subsidy and government intervention in Razavi Khorasan province in 2006 by using the descriptive statistics. Results of this study showed that farmers have incentive for soil conservation but their financing ability for soil conservation is low. Also, they agree with green subsidy payment in subsidized credit form and believe to government intervention through technical- information (extensional) and credit helps for soil conservation. With respect to results, pay attention of agricultural bank for payment of soil conservation credit, green subsidy payment, applying green subsidy project in a specific place and government targeting intervention as suggestion has introduced.

Introduction The degradation of soil structure and reduced water infiltration into the soil are indicators of soil degradation, which lead to decreased stability and production quality, as well as environmental problems. Soil conservation methods are widely used to curb soil degradation processes and improve soil structure and permeability. The effectiveness of these methods in enhancing these indicators and controlling soil degradation requires further study and evaluation. This research aims to investigate the stability of soil structure and soil infiltration rate affected by various soil management and conservation operations, and to compare them in the Razin Watershed area of Kermanshah Province.   Materials and methods For this purpose, eight common reclamation and conservation operations in the study area were selected and evaluated. These operations include pit-seeding and seeding, rangeland audit plan - conversion of dryfarming to rangeland, rangeland audit plan - conversion of dryfarming to forage cultivation, almond tree planting alongside digging holes, land leveling, seedling planting, conversion of dryfarming to rangeland, forage cultivation and orchard, and forest area. For evaluation, random systematic sampling points were selected within the area of each operation and their corresponding control area for study and sampling. After digging profiles and sampling the soil, the laboratory measured and calculated soil aggregate stability indices, including Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD), and the proportion of stable aggregates larger than 0.25 mm (WSA>0.25). The final infiltration rate was also measured in the operation areas and their controls using a disc infiltrometer. Finally, a statistical comparison of the mean values of MWD, GMD, WSA>0.25, and final infiltration rate in soil conservation operations and their control areas was performed using the T-test for independent samples and the Duncan test for comparing the means of these indices in various operations using SPSS software.   Results and discussion The evaluation results showed that the lowest MWD index was related to land leveling and sapling planting at 0.15 and 0.35 mm, respectively, while the highest values at 1.9, 1.8, and 1.6 mm were related to 20-year-old almond planting, 10-year-old almond planting, and forest areas, respectively. Additionally, the highest WSA>0.25 index values were found in fodder cultivation, orchard establishment, and 10-year-old almond planting operations, indicating the formation of large and stable aggregates due to conservation operations. Among the eight operations studied, the 20-year-old almond planting operation showed the greatest improvements in MWD and WSA>0.25 indices. The results for the final infiltration rate indicated that soil conservation operations, particularly converting low-yield rain-fed lands to sapling planting and changing rangeland use to 10-year-old almond planting, led to the highest increases in final infiltration rate, at 21.8% and 16%, respectively, compared to the control.   Conclusion Overall, soil conservation operations increased the relative share of larger soil aggregates. However, the soil infiltration rate index showed conflicting results, as factors other than the evaluated conservation operations also influenced water infiltration into the soil, necessitating further studies. Consequently, examining the role of management, especially land use management, is essential for sustainable soil resource utilization.

Background and Objective: Biological soil crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the soil ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subject of soil erosion and wastage is very important. Methods based on remote sensing techniques are important in terms of cost and time less efficient methods to achieve this goal. Segzi plain is one of the critical points of wind erosion in Iran and identifying and determining the distribution of biological soil crusts as a soil modifier is an effective step in reducing wind erosion in the region. In this research, BSCI (Biological Soil Crust) index has been used to prepare the distribution map of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts. Materials and Methods: The study area is part of the Sajzi Desert (Central Deserts of Iran) which is located in Isfahan province of Iran. The study area with an area of 199. 5 hectares is spread between the eastern lengths of 51o52'32" to 52o27'41" and the northern widths of 32o33'31" to 32o55'01". The average slope of Segzi plain is 1. 08 percent and its average height is 1680 meters. According to the statistics of East Isfahan Meteorological Station (Shahid Beheshti Station), the average annual rainfall in the region is 106 mm. According to the Dumarten climatic classification, the climate of the region is dry and according to the Amberge classification it is cold. The BSCI index is a combination of the relationships used to estimate vegetation and bare soil surface, and its mathematical relationship is the slope of the soil line. To calculate the soil line in an area, one must first separate the pixels that have bare soil and no vegetation. In order to calculate the soil line equation, in four seasons of a year, images of Landsat OLI 8 satellite related to 2018 were downloaded from the site of the US Geological Survey and 20 to 30 pixels of pure bare soil were extracted by drawing the reflection values of these pixels in the red and infrared band. Red near soil line coefficients were calculated for each season in the Segzi Plain. Based on BSCI index, lichen-dominated biological soil crust are identified using at least VIS-NIR spectral reflection and the slope between the red and green bands compared to bare soil and dry vegetation. Using ENVI software, the distribution shells of biological shells with lichen dominance were prepared in four seasons since 2018 in Segzi plain. Then, the prepared maps were validated based on land points and the total accuracy and kappa index were calculated in all four seasons. The collected lichen samples were identified based on their morphological characteristics and using a stereomicroscope, conventional microscope and common color reagents such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After applying the BSCI index on the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image, using ENVI software, spectral profiles related to 4 points of Segzi plain in four seasons of the year were prepared and the spectral reflection in four seasons of the year in different points were examined. Results and Discussion: The slope of the soil line is lower in the rainy season, which coincides with the growth of herbaceous and annual plants, compared to the summer season, which has the least amount of rainfall, and the annual plants have dried up and become extinct. In May, the slope of the soil line was minimal (0. 39) and in late summer it has its maximum value (0. 78). In fact, the slope of the soil line has decreased from mid-August to May, and then has increased with the loss of annual vegetation and the increase of bare soil surface. The distribution maps of bio-shells in all four seasons of the year were validated during field visits and the year it was found that the highest accuracy of the map related to the map produced from Landsat 8 image is related to summer with 94% total accuracy and Kappa index equal to 0. 7412. Interpretation of the spectral profiles of the BSCI index shows that the reflections of the spectra related to the zephyr and strain prepared on the lichen dispersion points are very close to each other and also the spectral profiles of the mid-autumn and early spring are quite consistent. Whereas in the faults, which did not cover the biological crust, the amount of reflection was higher and there was a slight difference between the reflection diagrams of autumn and spring. Although the reflectance values of a range of agricultural lands and the distribution points of biological crusts are very close to each other, the spectral diagrams of all four seasons are very different from each other. But in all seasons of the year and in all places, the least reflection has occurred in the beginning of winter and the most reflection has occurred in summer. The climate of Segzi plain is Mediterranean and precipitation occurs in the cold season of the year. Simultaneously with the increase of precipitation from the middle of autumn, annual plants and mosses at the base of shrubs begin to grow and reach their peak in early winter and again at the beginning of spring. Decreases in rainfall have reduced their density. If the winter spectrum has the least reflection in all places. While in late summer, when the annuals and mosses have dried up, it has had the greatest spectral reflection. In Fasaran, which is a barren area and a landfill, it has shown its maximum reflection. Therefore, the BSCI index relative to the percentage of organic matter has a significant error in the detection of biological soil crust and where the organic matter is high may not provide accurate diagnosis of soil bioshells. Of course, since the BSCI index is defined for the detection of throat compounds in lichen tissues. The error rate for organic matter is reduced to a minimum. As it has been observed in the final map, there is no cover of biological soil crusts in Fasaran and only soil biological crusts are observed in the areas around Fasaran in the agricultural areas. In agricultural areas, due to human intervention and cultivation, the amount of annual plants is different from the field of natural resources in different seasons of a year have become. Conclusion: Spectral similarity of the most important soil surface, including vegetation, the involvement of human factors in increasing or decreasing soil organic matter, bare soil, etc. limits the efficiency of the BSCI index and therefore in the time period of satellite images and regional conditions have a great impact on It has the accuracy of BSCI index.

Marls form the weakest part of geological formations that are highly erosive. Sustainable action in soil stabilization is biological operations. The dense cover of Pasture rangeland species in some areas of Marl has caused soil stability in these areas. It seems that some of the physical and chemical properties of marls play role in creating such a cover in areas covered by marl formations. This research was conducted with the aim of carefully and systematically study of plant species and determining their site needs and protective role in three eastern, southern and western regions in Ilam city. For this, 30 marl deposit samples were collected from three ranges and physical and chemical tests were performed on its. Botanical studies were also performed using repeated field visits and plot establishing at 180 locations, and plant samples were identified after transfer to herbarium. Results showed that, giving the stratigraphy of Marl Gorpi, Pabdeh, Gachsaran and Aghajari formations, sediments of these three regions in terms of salinity (EC), specific gravity (BD), sodium (Na +) and Soil saturation percentage (SP) and some physical parameters such as gravel, sand and silt particles have significant differences which R2 has shown significant statistical effect of soil physical and chemical properties on plant cover type. This difference could be as one of the effective factors in the diversity and difference of vegetation grown in three areas. In this research, the site need of plant species compatible with marl type and soil protection role of each of them in eastern, western and southern regions of Ilam city has been introduced.